SAM

Table of Contents

1.INTRODUCTION

2.OBJECTIVE

3.LITERATURE REVIEW

4.METHODOLOGY

5.DATA ANALYSIS

6.CONCLUSION

7.BIBLOGRAPHY

8.QUESTIONARE

Introduction

“Wecannotall succeedifhalfofthisareheldback.”—MalalaYousafzai.

There is no denying the fact that women in India have made a considerable progress in almost seven decades of Independence, but they still have to struggle against many handicaps and social evils in the male-dominated society. Many evil and masculine forces still prevail in the modern Indian society that resists the forward march of its women folk. It is ironical that a country, which has recently acclaimed the status of the first Asian country to accomplish its Mars mission in the maiden attempt, is position edatthe 29 thrank among 146 countries across the globe on the basis of Gender In equality Index.There has been amelioration in the position of women, but their true empowerment is still awaited.

Swami Vivekananda, one of the greatest sons of India, quoted that, “There is no chance for thewelfareoftheworldunlesstheconditionofwomenisimproved,itisnotpossibleforabird to fly on only with one wing.”

The Ministryof women and child development, as the nodal agencyfor all matters pertaining to welfare, development and empowerment of women, has evolved schemes and programmes for their benefit. These schemes are spread across a broader spectrum such as women’s need forshelter,security,safety,legalaid,justice,information,maternalhealth,food,nutritionetc., aswellastheirneedforeconomicsustenancethroughskilldevelopment,educationandaccess to credit and marketing. The schemes of the Ministry like Swashakti, STEP and enable economic empowerment. Working Women Hostels provide support services. Swadhar Greh provide protection and rehabilitation to women in difficult circumstances1.
Introduction

Empowering women is not merely a matter of social justice; it is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development and inclusive growth in any society. Across the globe, including in urban centers like Kanpur city, initiatives aimed at women’s empowerment are pivotal in addressing gender disparities, promoting economic participation, and fostering social progress. In this introductory discourse, we delve into the multifaceted concept of women’s empowerment, its significance in the context of Kanpur city, and the rationale behind conducting a comprehensive study to evaluate the measures taken for women’s empowerment in this urban hub.

Understanding Women’s Empowerment

Women’s empowerment encapsulates a complex interplay of socio-cultural, economic, and political factors that influence women’s agency, autonomy, and opportunities for advancement. It encompasses various dimensions, including economic empowerment (enhancing women’s access to resources, livelihood opportunities, and financial independence), social empowerment (promoting women’s participation in decision-making, leadership roles, and community development), and psychological empowerment (fostering women’s self-confidence, self-esteem, and sense of control over their lives).

The importance of women’s empowerment extends beyond individual well-being to broader societal benefits. Empowered women are more likely to invest in the education, health, and nutrition of their families, thereby contributing to intergenerational poverty alleviation and human capital development. Moreover, women’s participation in the labor force and decision-making processes fosters innovation, productivity, and resilience in economies and societies.

The Context of Kanpur City

Kanpur, a bustling metropolis situated on the banks of the Ganges River in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, represents a microcosm of the myriad challenges and opportunities facing urban centers in developing countries. With a rich industrial heritage and a diverse population comprising people from various socio-economic backgrounds, Kanpur epitomizes the dynamic complexities of urban life in India.

In recent years, Kanpur has witnessed rapid urbanization, driven by factors such as rural-urban migration, industrialization, and infrastructural development. While this urban transformation has brought about economic growth and improved living standards for many residents, it has also exacerbated existing social inequalities and disparities, particularly concerning gender.

Despite concerted efforts to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment at the national and state levels, Kanpur, like many other Indian cities, grapples with persistent challenges related to gender-based discrimination, violence against women, unequal access to education and employment, and limited participation of women in decision-making processes.

Rationale for the Study

Against this backdrop, there arises a compelling need to assess the efficacy, impact, and gaps in the measures taken for women’s empowerment in Kanpur city. By conducting a systematic study of existing initiatives, policies, and interventions aimed at promoting women’s empowerment, we seek to shed light on the following aspects:

1. Effectiveness: Are the current measures and programs for women’s empowerment in Kanpur yielding the desired outcomes? To what extent are they contributing to enhancing women’s socio-economic status, agency, and well-being?
2. Barriers and Challenges: What are the primary obstacles hindering the implementation and impact of women’s empowerment initiatives in Kanpur? How do socio-cultural norms, economic constraints, institutional barriers, and policy gaps impede progress in this regard?
3. Opportunities for Improvement: What are the key areas for improvement and innovation in women’s empowerment strategies in Kanpur? How can stakeholders, including policymakers, government agencies, civil society organizations, and the private sector, collaborate to address these challenges and maximize the impact of their interventions?
4. Policy Implications: What are the policy implications of the findings from this study? How can evidence-based recommendations inform the design, implementation, and monitoring of future policies and programs for women’s empowerment in Kanpur and beyond?

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study of measures taken for women’s empowerment in Kanpur city is not merely an academic exercise; it is a critical imperative for advancing gender equality, social justice, and inclusive development in one of India’s rapidly urbanizing urban hubs. By systematically evaluating the effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities in women’s empowerment initiatives, this study aims to inform evidence-based policy and programming, catalyzing positive change and transformative impact for women and girls in Kanpur and beyond.

OBJECTIVES
The objective soft his project report are stated as follows:
1.To highlight the Major Women welfare schemes
2.To suggest suitable measures for effective implementation of such schemes.
3.To find out how Government Schemes has helped women empower mentin our country.

RESEARCHDESIGN
Thenatureofstudyinvolvedinthepreparationofthisprojectreportisdoctrinalinnature.This project has been done after a thorough research based upon intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the topic.

SOURCESOFDATA
Both primary and secondary sources of data have been used in the completion of this project report.
1.Governmentreports
The followings econdarysources of data havebeen used in theproject-
1.Articles
2.Websites

SCOPEOFTHESTUDY
1.Duetothevastnessofthetopicitisnotpossibletocoveralltheaspectwithinalimited timeperiod,thereforethisresearchisstrictlyconductedonMajorGovernmentSchemes for Women Empowerment.
Crafting hypotheses for analysis involves formulating testable statements that predict the relationship between variables and guide the research process. In the context of analyzing Kanpur city, hypotheses can help structure inquiries into various aspects of its demographics, economy, and social dynamics. Here, we’ll outline potential hypotheses across these domains:

Demographics:

1. Population Growth Hypothesis:

• Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in the population growth rate of Kanpur city over the past decade.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The population growth rate of Kanpur city has increased significantly over the past decade due to factors such as migration and urbanization.

1. Gender Disparity Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant difference in the gender composition of the population in Kanpur city.
• H1: There is a significant gender disparity in the population of Kanpur city, with a higher proportion of males compared to females.

1. Education Access Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant difference in access to education among different socio-economic groups in Kanpur city.
• H1: Socio-economically disadvantaged groups in Kanpur city have lower access to education compared to more affluent groups.

Economy:

1. Industrial Growth Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant relationship between industrial growth and economic development in Kanpur city.
• H1: Industrial growth is positively correlated with economic development in Kanpur city, leading to increased employment opportunities and income levels.

1. Informal Sector Contribution Hypothesis:

• H0: The informal sector does not significantly contribute to the economy of Kanpur city.
• H1: The informal sector plays a significant role in the economy of Kanpur city, providing livelihoods for a substantial portion of the population.

1. Infrastructure Investment Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant relationship between infrastructure investment and economic growth in Kanpur city.
• H1: Increased investment in infrastructure, such as transportation and utilities, positively impacts economic growth and productivity in Kanpur city.

Social Dynamics:

1. Healthcare Accessibility Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant difference in healthcare accessibility across different areas of Kanpur city.
• H1: Residents of underserved areas in Kanpur city have lower access to healthcare facilities and services compared to those in more affluent neighborhoods.

1. Social Cohesion Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant difference in social cohesion among communities in Kanpur city.
• H1: Social cohesion is higher in communities with stronger social networks and community organizations in Kanpur city.

1. Migration Impact Hypothesis:

• H0: There is no significant relationship between migration patterns and social dynamics in Kanpur city.
• H1: In-migration from rural areas and neighboring states influences social dynamics, cultural diversity, and urban development in Kanpur city.

LITERATURE REVIEW

WomenEmpowerment:MeaningandSignificance

Women empowerment means emancipation of women from the vicious grips of social, economic, political, caste and gender-based discrimination. It means granting women the freedom to make life choices. Women empowerment does not mean ‘deifying women’ rather it means replacing patriarchy with parity.

WhatisWomenEmpowerment?

According to Webster’s dictionary, the word “empowerment” indicates the situation of authorityortobeauthorizedortobepowerful. In otherwords,empowers meanstoauthorize. So empowerment is a process which gives women power or authority to challenge some situation.

Women Empowerment is a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increasetheirown,self-reliancetoasserttheirindependentrighttomakechoicesandtocontrol resources which will assists in challenges and eliminating their own subordination.

The goal of women empowerment is simplyprovidingstrength to them. The strength maybe giving political or economic authority or provision of health and nutrition of health and nutrition care or social element in the poverty eradication. Empowerment of women, particularly rural women has become an important issue in the strategies of balanced development with social justice. Economic empowerment results in women’s ability to influenceormakearightdecision,increaseself-confidencebetterstatusandroleinhousehold etc.

Inthisregard,therearevariousfacetsofwomenempowerment,suchasgiven hereunder:

Social Women Empowerment A critical aspect of social empowerment of women is the promotion of gender equality. Gender equality implies a society in which women and men enjoy the same opportunities, outcomes, rights and obligations in all spheres of life.
Educational Women Empowerment:It means empowering women with the knowledge, skills, and self-confidence necessaryto participate fullyin the development process. It means making women aware of their rights and developing a confidence to claim them.

Economicandoccupationalempowerment:Itimpliesabetterqualityofmateriallifethrough sustainable livelihoods owned and managed by women. It means reducing their financial dependence on their male counterparts by making them a significant part of the human resource.

LegalWomenEmpowerment: Itsuggeststheprovisionofaneffectivelegalstructure which is supportive of women empowerment. It means addressing the gaps between what the law prescribes and what actually occurs.

Political Women Empowerment: It means the existence of a political system favouring the participation in and control by the women of the political decision-making process and in governance.
ConstitutionalProvisions,SpecialLawsandNationalPoliciesinSupport ofWomen Empowerment

TheimportanceofwomenasanimportanthumanresourcewasrecognizedbytheConstitution of Indiawhich not onlyaccorded equalityto women but also empowered theState. Anumber of Articles of the Constitution repeated towards the socio-economic development of women and participation decision making. These are:

Article 14 – Men and womento have equal rights and opportunities in the political, economic and social spheres2.

Article 15(1) – Prohibits discrimination against any citizens on the grounds of religion, race, sex, caste etc3.

Article16 -Equalityof opportunities inmatter ofpublicappointments forall citizens4.

Article39(d)-Equal payforequalwork forbothmenand women5.

Article42-Thestatetomakeprovisionforensuringfirstandhumaneconditionsofworkand maternity relief6.

Government has also enacted specific laws to safeguard the interests of women and for up gradation of their status. These are:

TheHinduSuccessionAct,1956 whichprovidesforwomentherighttoparentalproperty.

The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 which declares the taking of dowry an unlawful activity and thereby prevents the exploitation of women.

EqualRemunerationAct,1976whichprovidespaymentofremunerationequalwithmenfor work of equal value.

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 which legalizes abortion conceding the right of a women to go for abortion on the ground of physical and mental health.

TheCriminalLawAmendmentAct,1983whichseekstostopvarioustypesofcrimesagainst women.

TheIndecentRepresentationofWomen(Prohibition)Act,1986whichprohibitsthevulgar presentation of women in the media such as- newspapers, cinema, T.V. etc.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 provides for more effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the Constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family.

Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, helps to create a conducive environment at the workplace for women where they are not subjected to any sort of sexual harassment.

PanchayatiRajInstitutionsAsperthe73rdand74thConstitutionalAmendmentAct,allthe local elected bodies reserve one-third of their seats for women. Such a provision was made to increase the effective participation of women in politics.

Women’s Reservation Bill: It is a pending Bill in India which proposes to reserve 33% of all seats in the Lok Sabha and in all State Legislative Assemblies for women. If passed, this Bill will give a significant boost to the position of women in politics.

GovernmentPoliciesandSchemesforWomenEmpowerment

The Government of India is running various welfare schemes and policies, both at State and Centrallevelsfortheempowermentofwoman.Allsuchpoliciesandprogramsfocusonsocial, economic and educational empowerment of women across various age groups. Some of the major programs and measures include:-

1.Swa-Shakti:The project jointly founded by IFAD, World Bank and the Government of India was launched in October, 1999 and culminated on 30th June, 2005. The objective of the program was to bring out socio-economic development and empowermentofwomenthroughpromotionofwomenSHGs,microcreditandincome generatingactivities.Theproject was conceived as aPilot Project implementedin 335 blocks of 57 districts in 9 states. The project 302 established 17,647 SHGs covering about 2, 44,000 women. This was a Centrally Sponsored Project7.

2.Support to Training and Employment Programme (STEP) – The Ministry of women and child development has been administering ‘Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP) Scheme’ since 1986-87 as a ‘Central Sector Scheme’. The STEP Scheme aims to provide skills that give employability to women and to provide competencies and skill that enable women to become self- employed/entrepreneurs. TheSchemeisintendedtobenefitwomen whoareintheage group of 16 years and above across the country. The grant under the Scheme is given to an institution/ organization including NGOs directly and not the States/ UTs. The assistance under STEP Scheme will be available in any sector for imparting skills related to employability and entrepreneurship, including but not limited to the Agriculture, Horticulture, Food Processing, Handlooms, Tailoring, Stitching, Embroidery,Zarietc,Handicrafts,Computer&ITenableservicesalongwithsoftskills

andskillsfortheworkplacesuchasspokenEnglish,Gems&Jewellery,Travel& Tourism, Hospitality8.

3.Swadhar Greh (A Scheme that caters to primary needs of women in difficult circumstances)(2015):Theschemeenvisionsasupportiveinstitutionalframeworkfor womenvictimsofdifficultcircumstancessothattheycouldleadtheirlifewithdignity andconviction.Itenvisagesthatshelter,food,clothing,andhealthaswellaseconomic andsocialsecurityareassuredforsuchwomen.Italsoenvisionsthatthespecialneeds of these women are properlytaken care of and under no circumstances they should be left unattended or abandoned which could lead to their exploitation and desolation9.

UndertheScheme,SwadharGrehwillbesetupineverydistrictwithcapacityof30 women with the following objectives:-

a)To cater to the primary need of shelter, food, clothing, medical treatment and care of thewomen in distress and who are without any social and economic support.

b)Toenablethemtoregaintheiremotionalstrengththatgetshamperedduetotheirencounter with unfortunate circumstances.

c)Toprovidethemwithlegalaidandguidancetoenablethemtotakestepsfortheirreadjustment in family/society.

d)Torehabilitatethemeconomicallyandemotionally.

The benefitofthe component couldbe availedbywomenabove 18yearsofage ofthe following categories:

a)Womenwho aredeserted and arewithout anysocial and economic support;

b)Womensurvivorsofnaturaldisasterswhohavebeenrenderedhomelessandarewithoutany social and economic support;

c)Womenprisonersreleasedfromjailand arewithoutfamily,social andeconomic support;

d)Womenvictimsofdomesticviolence,familytensionordiscord,whoaremadetoleavetheir homeswithoutanymeansofsubsistenceandhavenospecialprotectionfromexploitationand/ or facing litigation on account of marital disputes; and

e)Trafficked women/girls rescued or runaway from brothels or other places where they face exploitation and Women affected by HIV/AIDS who do not have any social or economic support. However such women/ girls should first seek assistance under UJJAWALA Scheme in areas where it is in operation.

4.Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Beti Bachao Beti Padhao was launched by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 22nd January, 2015 at Panipat, Haryana. It addresses the declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR) and related issues of women empowermentoveralife-cyclecontinuum.Itisatri-ministerialeffortofMinistriesof Women and Child Development, Health & Family Welfare and Human Resource Development. It has been the target of fraudsters in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Bihar and Delhi10.

TheOverallGoaloftheBetiBachao,BetiPadhao(BBBP)Schemeistocelebratethe Girl Child and enable her Education. The objectives of the Scheme are as under:
Preventgenderbiasedsex selective elimination
Ensuresurvival&protectionofthegirl child
Ensureeducation ofthegirl child

5.One Stop Centres (OSC): The One Stop Centres are intended to support women affectedbyviolence,inprivateandpublicspaces,withinthefamily,communityandat theworkplace. The OSC will support all women including girls below 18 yearsof age affected byviolence, irrespective of caste, class, religion, region, sexual orientation or marital status. For girls below 18 years of age, institutions and authorities established under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 will be linked with the OSC.

Aggrieved women facing any kind of violence due to attempted sexual harassment, sexual assault, domestic violence, trafficking, honour related crimes, acid attacks or witch-huntingwhohavereachedoutorbeenreferredtotheOSCwillbeprovidedwith specialized services11.

Objectives of OSC:-

To provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence, both in private and public spaces under one roof.
Tofacilitateimmediate,emergencyandnon-emergencyaccesstoarangeofservicesincluding medical,legal,psychologicalandcounsellingsupportunderonerooftofightagainstanyforms of violence against women.

1.Working Women Hostel: With the progressive change in the socio-economic fabric ofthecountrymoreandmorewomenareleavingtheirhomesinsearchofemployment in big cities as well as urban and rural industrial clusters. One of the main difficulties faced by such women is lack of safe and conveniently located accommodation. The Government of India being concerned about the difficulties faced by such working women, introduced a scheme in 1972-73 of grant-in- aid for construction of new/ expansion of existing buildings for providing hostel facilities to working women in cities,smallertownsandalsoinruralareaswhereemploymentopportunitiesforwomen exist. Based on an evaluation, the existing scheme has been revised to promote availabilityofsafe and convenientlylocated accommodation forworking women who need to live away from their families due to professional commitments12.

Working Women are entitled to hostel facilities provided their gross income does not exceed Rs.50,000/-consolidated(gross)permonthinmetropolitancities,orRs35,000/-consolidated (gross) per month, in any other place.

2.Pradhan Mantri Mahila Shakti Kendra (PMMSK): Government of India has approved Mahila Shakti Kendra scheme for the period 2017-18 up to 2019-20 to empower rural women through community participation.

PMMSK scheme is envisioned as one-stop convergence support service for empowering rural women with opportunities for skill development, digital literacy, health and nutrition and employment. It aims to improve declining child sex ratio (CSR), ensure survival and protection of the girl child, ensuring her education and empowering her to fulfill her potential. It will provide interface for rural women to approachgovernmentforgettingtheirentitlementsandforempoweringthemthrough
training and capacity building. Through this scheme, government plans to reach 115 most backward districts in the country with 920 Mahila Shakti Kendra.
Atnationallevel,MahilaShaktiKendrawillprovidedomain-basedknowledgesupport while at state level, it will cater to State Resource Centre for Women that will provide technical support on Issues related to women at district and block level centres. It will providesupporttoPMMSKandalsogivefootholdtoBetiBachao,BetiPadhaoin640 districts13.

6.Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (2016)- The scheme seeks to provide free LPG connections to women from below poverty line (BPL) households and builds on the objective of achieving universal coverage of cooking gas in the country. Under the scheme, a financial support of 1600 rupees will be provided for each LPG connection totheBPLhouseholds. Incidentally,thisisforthefirsttimetheMinistryofPetroleum and Natural Gas has involved in implementing a welfare scheme benefitting crores of women belonging to the poorest households14.
7.National Policy for Women, 2016- Union Women and Child Development Minister Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi released the draft National Policy for Women, 2016 on May 17, 2016 for stakeholder comments and consultations. The policy envisions a society in which, women attain their full potential and are able to participate as equal partners in all spheres of life. It also emphasizes the role of an effective framework to enabletheprocessofdevelopingpolicies,programmesandpracticeswhichwillensure equal rights and opportunities for women.

Thebroadobjectiveofthepolicyistocreateaconducivesocio-cultural,economicand politicalenvironmenttoenablewomenenjoydejureanddefactoFundamentalRights and realize their full potential.

METHODOLOGY

Methodology

The methodology section outlines the research design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches employed in the study of measures taken for women’s empowerment in Kanpur city. This section elucidates the systematic approach adopted to achieve the research objectives and generate robust findings and insights.

Research Design

The research design encompasses the overarching framework and approach guiding the study, including the choice of methods, sampling strategies, and data collection techniques. Given the multifaceted nature of women’s empowerment and the diverse stakeholders involved, a mixed-methods approach is deemed most appropriate for this study. This entails integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods to capture a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.

Data Collection Methods

1. Literature Review: The research begins with a comprehensive review of existing literature, reports, and studies on women’s empowerment initiatives in Kanpur city. This literature review serves multiple purposes, including providing background information, identifying key themes and issues, and informing the development of research instruments.
2. Primary Data Collection:
   a. Surveys: A structured survey instrument will be developed to gather quantitative data from women beneficiaries, stakeholders, and implementing agencies involved in women empowerment programs in Kanpur. The survey will be administered electronically or in person, depending on the preferences and accessibility of respondents. The survey questionnaire will include closed-ended questions to collect demographic information, as well as Likert-scale and multiple-choice questions to assess awareness, utilization, satisfaction, and perceived impact of women empowerment initiatives. b. Interviews: Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with key informants, including government officials, representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community leaders, and women beneficiaries. The interviews will explore in-depth perspectives on the challenges, successes, and lessons learned from women empowerment efforts in Kanpur. Open-ended questions will be used to elicit rich qualitative data, allowing participants to share their experiences, insights, and recommendations. c. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): FGDs will be organized with groups of women from diverse socio-economic backgrounds in Kanpur. These discussions will provide a platform for participants to share their experiences, needs, and aspirations regarding women empowerment initiatives. FGDs will be facilitated by trained moderators and will follow a semi-structured format, allowing for interactive dialogue and exploration of emerging themes and issues.
3. Case Studies: Representative case studies of successful women empowerment projects or interventions in Kanpur city will be selected for in-depth analysis. These case studies will involve a review of project documents, stakeholder interviews, and field visits to assess the implementation process, outcomes, and impact of the initiatives. By examining both successful and less successful cases, valuable insights and lessons learned can be gleaned to inform future programming and policy formulation.

Sampling Strategies

Sampling strategies will be tailored to each data collection method to ensure the representation and diversity of participants. For surveys, random sampling techniques will be used to select a representative sample of women beneficiaries and stakeholders from different geographical areas and socio-economic backgrounds in Kanpur. For interviews and FGDs, purposive sampling will be employed to select key informants and participants with relevant expertise, experiences, and perspectives on women empowerment issues.

Data Analysis

1. Quantitative Analysis: Survey data will be analyzed using statistical software to generate descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics, such as chi-square tests and regression analysis, may be employed to examine relationships and associations between variables. The quantitative analysis will provide insights into the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of women empowerment indicators in Kanpur city.
2. Qualitative Analysis: Interview transcripts, FGD transcripts, and case study documents will be subjected to thematic analysis to identify recurring themes, patterns, and narratives related to women empowerment initiatives in Kanpur. Coding techniques, such as open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, will be used to organize and categorize the qualitative data. Through iterative processes of coding, categorization, and interpretation, qualitative findings will be synthesized to elucidate key findings, insights, and recommendations.

Ethical Considerations

The research will adhere to ethical principles and guidelines to ensure the protection of participants’ rights, confidentiality, and privacy. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study, and measures will be taken to safeguard their anonymity and confidentiality. Researchers will also ensure transparency, honesty, and integrity in all aspects of data collection, analysis, and reporting.

Limitations

Several limitations may affect the validity and generalizability of the study findings. These include potential biases in self-reported data, sampling constraints, and contextual factors that may influence the interpretation of results. Efforts will be made to mitigate these limitations through rigorous methodological approaches, triangulation of data sources, and reflexivity in the research process.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the methodology outlined in this section provides a systematic and rigorous approach to studying measures taken for women’s empowerment in Kanpur city. By integrating quantitative and qualitative methods, employing diverse data collection techniques, and adhering to ethical principles, this study aims to generate comprehensive insights into the effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities in women empowerment initiatives in Kanpur. Through robust data analysis and interpretation, this research seeks to inform evidence-based policy and programming, contributing to the advancement of women’s rights and gender equality in the urban context.

DATA ANALYSIS OF KANPUR (PHOOL BAGH)

After analyzing major schemes for the Women empowerment, Researcher has found that the schemes made for the women are empowering in nature. Also government has increasedallocationfortheministryofwomenandchilddevelopment(MWCD)byarespectable10%in 2018-19 compared to 2017-1815. But this scheme is not reaching the women at masses. The Reason behind it is a lack of Proper Implementation of the schemes. Through all these years, the attention is only on developing and devising new schemes, policies and programmesandhavepaidlessattentiontothepropermonitoringsystemandimplementationshortsightedness,fore.g.despitethepresenceofThePreNatalDiagnosticTechnologiesActandvarioushealth programmes like Janani Suraksha Yojana and National Rural Health Mission (NHRM), our country has a skewed sex ratio and a high maternal mortality rate (MMR).

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The research was conducted to analyze the usage of PayTm by users and to study the satisfaction level of PayTm users based on different parameters.
The analysis of the collected data is done based upon the parameters as shown below [Sample size = 151]

Majority of the respondents (nearly 80%) use PayTm for recharge since it is very convenient to recharge your phone anytime anywhere without being dependent on the recharge shops. Nearly 50 % of the respondents pay their bills through PayTm as it prevents time and also it prevents the respondents from standing in long queues. Mainly people use PayTm for Recharge, Ticket booking, Bill payment and Shopping.

While the government has increased allocation for some schemes under the MWCD, such as the maternity benefit programme, Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao etc., a lot will depend on implementation.Toillustrate,oftheRs400croreinitiallyallottedformaternitybenefitin2016- 17, less than a fifth, i.e. only Rs75 crore, was actually spent that year. The maternity benefit schemeprovidesacashassistancetomothersfortheirfirstdeliverytocompensatewageloss

Analyzing Kanpur City: Understanding Demographics, Economy, and Social Dynamics
Kanpur, situated in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, is a vibrant urban center with a rich history and diverse population. In this analysis, we delve into various aspects of Kanpur’s demographics, economy, and social dynamics to gain a comprehensive understanding of its strengths, challenges, and opportunities for development.
Demographic Profile:
Kanpur’s demographic profile is characterized by its large and diverse population, comprising people from various socio-economic backgrounds and ethnicities. According to the latest census data, Kanpur has a population of over 4 million people, making it one of the most populous cities in India. The city’s population is predominantly young, with a significant proportion under the age of 30. This youthful demographic presents both opportunities and challenges for the city’s development, as it represents a potential workforce for driving economic growth but also requires investments in education, healthcare, and social services to meet their needs.

Gender composition in Kanpur reflects broader societal trends in India, with a slightly higher proportion of males compared to females. However, efforts to address gender disparities and promote women’s empowerment are increasingly gaining traction in the city, with initiatives aimed at improving access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for women.

Ethnically, Kanpur is a melting pot of cultures, with people from various regions and linguistic backgrounds coexisting harmoniously. While the dominant language spoken in Kanpur is Hindi, the city is also home to significant communities of Urdu, Punjabi, and other regional languages, contributing to its cultural diversity.

Economic Structure:

Kanpur has historically been known as an industrial powerhouse, with a strong manufacturing base specializing in industries such as textiles, leather, chemicals, and engineering. The city’s industrial heritage dates back to the colonial era when it emerged as a major center for textile production under British rule. Today, Kanpur continues to be a key player in India’s industrial landscape, with a diverse range of manufacturing units and industrial clusters spread across the city.

The leather industry, in particular, is a significant contributor to Kanpur’s economy, with the city being renowned for its high-quality leather products and tanneries. However, the industry has also faced challenges related to environmental pollution and regulatory compliance, prompting efforts to adopt cleaner and more sustainable practices.

In recent years, Kanpur has witnessed diversification in its economic base, with the emergence of new sectors such as information technology (IT), services, and retail. The city’s proximity to major metropolitan centers like Delhi and Lucknow, coupled with its strategic location on the Grand Trunk Road, has facilitated its integration into regional and national markets, driving economic growth and urbanization.

Despite its economic potential, Kanpur faces several challenges, including infrastructural bottlenecks, bureaucratic hurdles, and environmental degradation. Addressing these challenges and leveraging its strengths in manufacturing, trade, and services will be crucial for sustaining economic growth and creating employment opportunities for its growing population.

Social Dynamics:
Kanpur’s social dynamics are shaped by its diverse population, cultural heritage, and socio-economic disparities. While the city boasts a vibrant cultural scene, with festivals, fairs, and religious celebrations being integral to its social fabric, it also grapples with social issues such as poverty, inequality, and access to basic services.
Education is a key determinant of social mobility and development in Kanpur, with efforts underway to expand access to quality education and skill development programs for all segments of the population. However, disparities in educational attainment persist, particularly among marginalized communities and economically disadvantaged groups.
Healthcare infrastructure in Kanpur is undergoing transformation, with investments in hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities aimed at improving access to healthcare services for residents. However, challenges such as inadequate healthcare facilities, shortage of medical professionals, and lack of awareness about preventive healthcare remain areas of concern.

Kanpur’s social dynamics are also influenced by factors such as migration, urbanization, and changing patterns of employment. The city attracts migrants from rural areas and neighboring states in search of livelihood opportunities, contributing to its population growth and cultural diversity. However, rapid urbanization has also led to challenges such as unplanned growth, informal settlements, and pressure on urban infrastructure and services.

In conclusion, analyzing Kanpur’s demographics, economy, and social dynamics provides valuable insights into the city’s trajectory of development and its potential for the future. By addressing challenges such as infrastructural deficits, environmental sustainability, and social inequalities, Kanpur can harness its strengths and opportunities to emerge as a dynamic and inclusive urban center that meets the needs and aspirations of its residents.

Conclusion

“There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women.”- Kofi Annan

Women play an imperative role in making a nation progressive and guide it towards development. They are essential possessions of a lively humanity required for national improvement,soifwehavetoseeabrightfutureofwomeninourcountry,Empoweringthem is a must, thus the measures taken by the government are progressive in that direction. These schemeprovidesassistanceforEducation,Training,Financialassistance/Cash,Subsidyonthe loans, Scholarship, Nutrition, self-employment and other facilities. These Schemes seems to fulfillprimegoalofEmpowerment,development,protectionandwelfareofWomen& Child.
ButEmpowermentofwomenisonlypossiblewhenthesocietyacceptthatmanandwomanare both Equal. This can be achieved by running sustained awareness programs with the help ofNukkadNatakordramas,radio,television,Internet,etc.acrossthecountry. Educationalsobrings a reduction in inequalities and functions as a means of improving Woman’s status within the family.
Suggestions

A Proper awareness of schemes should be there, the benefits of the Scheme should not be restricted to papers only but the implementation of schemes should be there so that every woman can be familiar with her rights. Significant steps should be taken to implement all the schemes which are amended to facilitate detention, prevention and punishment of crimes against women.
Women education has to be made compulsory and women should be encouraged to become literate because without being educated women cannot have a access to the benefits of schemes and programmes.

Bibliography

Journals:

AnAnalysisofWomenWelfareSchemesofIndiabyDr. R.H.pavithra

Reports:

Mahila Shakti Kendra scheme implementation guidelines – Ministry ofWomen And Child Development

WebReferences:

http://www.wcd.nic.in/schemes/support-training-and-employment-programme- women-step

http://www.wcd.nic.in/schemes/swadhar-greh-scheme-women-difficult-circumstances
http://www.wcd.nic.in/schemes/beti-bachao-beti-padhao-scheme
http://www.wcd.nic.in/schemes/one-stop-centre-scheme-1

http://www.wcd.nic.in/schemes/working-women-hostel

http://www.wcd.nic.in/schemes/working-women-hostel

QUESTIONARE

Designing a questionnaire for analyzing Kanpur city involves crafting questions that capture relevant information across various domains, such as demographics, economy, infrastructure, and social dynamics. Here’s a structured questionnaire that covers key aspects of the city:

Demographics:

1. Age and Gender:
   a. What is your age?
   • Under 18
   • 18-24
   • 25-34
   • 35-44
   • 45-54
   • 55-64
   • 65 or above
   b. What is your gender?
   • Male
   • Female
   • Other
2. Education:
   a. What is the highest level of education you have completed?
   • Less than high school
   • High school diploma/GED
   • Some college/Associate degree
   • Bachelor’s degree
   • Master’s degree
   • Doctorate or professional degree
3. Household Income:
   a. What is your approximate household income?
   • Less than ₹20,000
   • ₹20,000 – ₹40,000
   • ₹40,001 – ₹60,000
   • ₹60,001 – ₹80,000
   • Above ₹80,000

Economy:

4. Employment Status:
   a. What is your current employment status?
   • Employed (full-time)
   • Employed (part-time)
   • Self-employed
   • Unemployed
   • Student
   • Retired
5. Industry Sector:
   a. If employed, which sector best describes your industry?
   • Manufacturing
   • Services
   • Retail
   • Information technology
   • Other (please specify)
6. Income Sources:
   a. What are your primary sources of income?
   • Salary/wages
   • Business income
   • Investments
   • Government assistance
   • Other (please specify)

Infrastructure:

7. Transportation:
   a. How do you typically commute within the city?
   • Public transport (bus, metro, etc.)
   • Personal vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle)
   • Walking
   • Other (please specify)
8. Utilities:
   a. How satisfied are you with the availability and reliability of utilities (electricity, water, etc.) in your area?
   • Very satisfied
   • Satisfied
   • Neutral
   • Dissatisfied
   • Very dissatisfied
9. Healthcare Access:
   a. How far do you have to travel to access healthcare facilities/services?
   • Less than 1 km
   • 1-5 km
   • 5-10 km
   • More than 10 km

Social Dynamics:

10. Community Engagement:
    a. How often do you participate in community events or activities?
    • Daily
    • Weekly
    • Monthly
    • Occasionally
    • Rarely
11. Social Networks:
    a. How would you rate the strength of your social network (family, friends, neighbors, etc.)?
    • Strong
    • Moderate
    • Weak
12. Safety Perception:
    a. How safe do you feel walking alone in your neighborhood at night?
    • Very safe
    • Safe
    • Neutral
    • Unsafe
    • Very unsafe

General:

13. Overall Satisfaction:
    a. How satisfied are you with the quality of life in Kanpur city?
    • Very satisfied
    • Satisfied
    • Neutral
    • Dissatisfied
    • Very dissatisfied
14. Suggestions for Improvement:
    a. What improvements would you like to see in Kanpur city to make it a better place to live, work, and play?

This questionnaire covers a range of topics relevant to analyzing Kanpur city, including demographics, economy, infrastructure, and social dynamics. By gathering responses from residents across these domains, researchers can gain valuable insights into the city’s strengths, challenges, and opportunities for development.